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大学英语四级考试阅读笔记(13)

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大学英语四级考试阅读笔记(13)为http://www.pxzj8.com整理发布，类型为四级阅读，本站还有更多关于英语四级阅读技巧,大学英语四级阅读理解真题下载,英语四级阅读练习，外语培训外语学习 - 英语四级考试 - 四级阅读的文章。正文：

　　Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:

　　21. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?
　　A) The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.
　　B) Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.
　　C) The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
　　D) The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day.

　　22. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.
　　A) compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient
　　B) in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view
　　C) in most hospitals nurses get low salaries
　　D) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital

　　23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when _______.
　　A) the present one is refused by the patient
　　B) the patient complains about the present one
　　C) the present one proves to be ineffective
　　D) the patient is found unwilling to cooperate

　　24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former _______.
　　A) is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
　　B) has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nurses
　　C) can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
　　D) has full responsibility in the administration of the unit's nurses

　　25. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is _________.
　　A) negative
　　B) neutral
　　C) critical
　　D) positive

　　Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example.

　　注：1.patient n. 病人，adj. 耐心的
　　2.第一句强烈结论：主题句
　　3.administration 管理
　　4.do well to 最好……

　　At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient's illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.

　　注：1.assign 分配
　　2.at length 长时间
　　3.account 纪录，账户

　　The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.

　　注：1.keep track with 跟踪
　　2.not uncommon = common
　　3.approach 接近，方法
　　4.本段讲 Beth Israel 医院医生和护士协调合作

　　Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的) nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.

　　注：1.self-contained 自成一体
　　2.划线句为列举语言现象，可能出考题，快速阅读此部分
　　3.shift 班次

　　Beth Israel's nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.

　　注：1.nurse-in-chief 护士长
　　2.首句说明护士长的地位很高
　　3.only出现，是考点

　　注：第三段末句，B选项 day and night，C选项 every patient，D选项 every day

　　注：1.推理题，正确答案为原文内容的同义改写。
　　2.A项中的patient 为耐心的，混淆“病人”意思
　　3.inadequate 不完善的，B 项为文章第二句的同义改写句

　　同类型题：

　　23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
　　A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans
　　B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
　　C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
　　D) to measure the depths of two oceans

　　注：第三段第二句

　　注：1.倒数第二段，former 前者指代 nurse-manager，反义 latter 后者
　　2.A选项为窜段选项,B与黑体部分矛盾。D选项对应划线部分。

　　25. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is _________.
　　A) negative
　　B) neutral
　　C) critical
　　D) positive

　　注：态度题，找直接评价，文章第一句话
　　在态度题中出现neutral的话，一定不会是答案。

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　　按照内容分为两类：

　　一、文科文章—两点注意：

　　1.文章态度
　　2.抓住文章主题
　　　1）把握主题后不会偏差理解
　　　2）与主题相关的选项为优选选项

　　二、理科文章

　　1.试验型（Study\Experiment\Research\Test）
　　2.科技成果型（e.g. Artificial Heart）
　　3.现象解释型

　　按照体裁分为三类：

　　一、说明文 1.抓住说明对象 2.重要数据事实
　　二、议论文属于文科类文章
　　三、记叙文

　　阅读中难点句型：

　　一、多重复合句----关键抓住主句主干成分
　　二、多重并列句----两个主句并列在一起，而非主句从句嵌套在一起
　　三、强调句----被强调部分为主语、宾语、状语 It is that…
　　四、被动句----基本结构 A is done by B
　　五、倒装句----否定词 hardly, rarely, seldom, never, not until, not only 引起句子倒装
　　六、省略句----e.g. He is a good man, so am I.

　　建议采用的阅读方法：

　　一、扫描题干，大致了解题目类型及分布，将其中细节题题干关键词划出。

　　二、速读原文，遇到题干关键词或其同义词时做适当标记；关注考试原则句。

　　考试原则句：重要句（各段首句，文章末句，结论、解释句），转折句，条件句，因果关系句，复合句等难句（多重复合、多重并列、强调句、倒装句），时间，数字，人名，比较。

　　三、定位答案，正确选项为文章对应语句的同义改写。

　　题型攻略：

　　一、主题题 (main idea/ mainly/ mainly discuss/mainly concerned/ central/ primary)

　　两种变体：

　　1.写作目的题型 purpose of writing
　　2.文章标题题型 the best title

　　做题方法：

　　1.找主题句
　　2.找主体词（通常在文章中出现频率较高，往往会在第一段出现，且带有概括性的词语）

　　二、细节题

　　类型：1.对错题 2.例证题 3.一般细节题
　　做题方法：准确定位

　　三、词汇题

　　类型：1.指代题 2.词义题
　　做题方法：1.根据上下文关系
　　2.构词法（词根词缀）
　　st（位置不变）:stay--stand--stationary--street--star--statue--status
　　pose（放置）:position-expose (ex向外: exit-export)
　　propose (pro向前)
　　suppose (sup/sub在下面: subway--submarine)
　　depose (de否定)
　　deposit (de向下)
　　interpose (inter: internet, international)

　　背单词方法

　　1. 词根词缀
　　2. 阅读记忆
　　3. 联想记忆
　　如：handsome（其中：h很，s帅，m嘛→英俊的）
　　morose（mo没有，rose玫瑰→郁闷的）
　　ancillary（an + cillary希拉里→辅助的）
　　4. 推理题 (infer-imply-suggest-indicate-conclude)
　　正确答案特点：文章对应内容的同义改写

　　五、作者态度题 (attitude-be seen as)

　　做题方法：
　　1.找作者直接评价语句
　　2.找表达感情色彩的形容词、动词、副词

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　　Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:

　　21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _________.
　　A) for oceanographic studies
　　B) for military purposes
　　C) for business considerations
　　D) for investigating the depths of the oceans

　　22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
　　A) the American Navy
　　B) some early intercontinental travellers
　　C) those who earned a living from the sea
　　D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable

　　24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
　　A) 'doubted' B) 'gave proof to'
　　C) 'challenged' D) 'agreed to'

　　25. This passage is mainly about _________
　　A) the beginnings of oceanography
　　B) the laying of the first undersea cable
　　C) the investigation of ocean depths
　　D) the early intercontinental communications

　　Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:

　　Oceanography has been defined as 'The application of all sciences to the study of the sea'.
　　注：
　　1.Oceanography 由 Ocean (海洋) 和 graphy (学科)组成，意为“海洋学”
　　2.application 表示“申请”用介词for,表示“应用”用介词to
　　3.第一句给某个东西下定义，称为篇章定义，必为文章主题

　　Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant (不愿意) to go to sea to further his work.
　　注：
　　1.第二段：在十九世纪之前，对海洋感兴趣的科学家很少，可以推断本文根据时间顺序来描述海洋学发展的过程
　　2.further 跟在 to 后面是个动词，表示“推进”

　　For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question 'What is at the bottom of the oceans?' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
　　注：
　　1. remote 遥远的
　　2. and with...多重复合句
　　3. intercontinental 洲际的（Inter 在之间，continent 大洲）
　　4. let alone 更不用说……
　　5. first time 由不感兴趣转折到感兴趣，谓语是 was
　　6. 第二句that引导同位语从句，when引导表语从句，整句意思为“当有人基于商业目的建议在美国和欧洲之间铺设电报电缆的时候，人们才提出问题：海底是什么？”
　　7.route 路线 router 路由器

　　It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
　　注：
　　1. it was ...that...强调句型
　　2. turn to sb. for sth. 向某人请教某事
　　3. 出现问题中划线词：Maury,1840s
　　3. investigate 调查，测量

　　The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
　　注：
　　1.not until 引导的句子要倒装
　　2.living growth 生物
　　3.a fact 作同位语
　　4.contemporary 当代的
　　5.defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C

　　24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
　　A) 'doubted' B) 'gave proof to'
　　C) 'challenged' D) 'agreed to'
　　注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段

　　Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition (考察), which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.
　　注：oceanography 最末一段与第一段首句都出现 oceanagraphy, 回环结构。
　　21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _________.
　　A) for oceanographic studies
　　B) for military purposes
　　C) for business considerations
　　D) for investigating the depths of the oceans
　　注：推理题。定位第三段,倒数第三行。选项 D 的内容出现在第四段，为窜段选项

　　For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question 'What is at the bottom of the oceans?' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
　　22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
　　A) the American Navy
　　B) some early intercontinental travellers
　　C) those who earned a living from the sea
　　D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
　　注：细节题。定位第四段,选项 B和C是窜段选项

　　It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
　　23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
　　A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans
　　B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
　　C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
　　D) to measure the depths of two oceans
　　注：1.细节题。定位第四段，第二行。
　　2.B 和 C 是窜段选项，A选项中的sound和文章中的sounding含义不同。

　　It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
　　24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
　　A) 'doubted' B) 'gave proof to'
　　C) 'challenged' D) 'agreed to'
　　注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段,defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C

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　　Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.

　　1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
　　A) relationships between causes and results
　　B) classification of reasoning
　　C) some other common types of reasoning
　　D) some special type of reasoning

　　2. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason ____.
　　A) from cause to effect
　　B) from effect to cause
　　C) from effect to effect and on to cause
　　D) from effect to cause and on to another effect

　　5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
　　A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
　　C) various types of reasoning D) the causal process
　　Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.

　　Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?

　　注：1.reasoning 推理
　　2.第一句 Another...下结论，是主题句
　　3.第二、三句 We want to ...an examination?是举例,可以略读
　　4.malnutrition 中“mal”是表示“不好”的前缀；overnutrition 营养过剩

　　Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won't work we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect. This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working -temperature will rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose （判定）a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.

　　注：1.causal 原因的，因果关系的
　　2.三种推理方式：从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果，第三种更重要
　　3.extensive 广泛的，来自extend延伸 extensive reading 泛读
　　4.In other words 换而言之 a succession of 一系列
　　5.本段讲关系链

　　Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的), though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.

　　注：intersection 交叉路口 inter+section

　　In establishing or refuting (驳斥，反斥) a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged (所宣称的，所指称的) cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.

　　注：在证实或驳斥因果关系需要把推理过程显示出来，如灯灭了，牛奶变酸：灯灭了-停电-冰箱不工作-温度上升-牛奶变酸

　　2. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason
　　A) from cause to effect
　　B) from effect to cause
　　C) from effect to effect and on to cause
　　D) from effect to cause and on to another effect

　　3. A necessary cause is ____.
　　A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
　　B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
　　C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
　　D) none of them
　　注：第三段，A选项是必须在场的相同意思的改写。B选项是原因之一，sufficient cause，C选项没有"必须"含义。

　　4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
　　The power failure is a ____.
　　A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause
　　C) contributory cause D) none of them
　　注：断电不是冰箱不工作的必要原因，而是原因之一，冰箱坏了也可以导致冰箱不工作。

　　5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
　　A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
　　C) various types of reasoning
　　D) the causal process
　　注：主题题。文中只提到因果关系推理的几种操作方法

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　　Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:

　　6. The author's purpose writing this passage is to tell ____.
　　A) readers how to be popular in with around
　　B) teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
　　C) parents how to control and guide their children
　　D) people how to understand and respect each other

　　7. According to the author, many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact, most of them ____.
　　A) have much difficulty understanding each other
　　B) lack confidence
　　C) dare not cope with problems single-handed
　　D) are very much afraid of getting lost

　　8. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
　　A) There is no popularity that really counts.
　　B) What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.
　　C) It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.
　　D) Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the same.

　　9. The author thinks of advertisements as ____.
　　A) convincing B) influential
　　C) instructive D) authoritative

　　10. During the teen-age years, one should learn to ____.
　　A) differ from others in as many ways as possible
　　B) get into the right season and become popular
　　C) find one's real self
　　D) rebel against parents and the popularity waves

　　I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling, I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at（attempting to seize） one another's hands for reassurance.

　　注：1.rebel 背叛、反叛
　　2.从第一句话看出本文是文科文章，所以从态度着手，I wish it were so 说明作者是负态度。
　　3.should 虚拟语气，表示负态度
　　4.reassurance=re+assure-ance 使确信；boldly 勇敢的；strike out 开辟

　　They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up crowded round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon（蚕茧）--- into a larger cocoon.

　　注：1.But 表明作者负态度
　　2.set off 开始 3.end up 结果
　　4.reason 用来解释前面的现象
　　5.把青少年从众心理比喻成蚕茧

　　It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.

　　注：1.第一句结论句，后面跟着解释
　　2.第二、三句 Industry... 工业广告对青少年的影响
　　3.第四句 And many of... 父母亲对青少年的影响
　　4.have come to 逐渐如何 award 奖励，鼓励； popularity 潮流，名声

　　But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.

　　注: 1.path 路径
　　2.三个 you may 举例来支持前面一句话The path is worth following.
　　3.Find yourself.Be yourself. 提出建议,后面句子给出原因
　　4.count vi.重要，vt.数

　　I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling, I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at (attempting to seize）one another's hands for reassurance.

　　2.no + n. 中no 相当于not any 表示没有任何的，为绝对化语气
　　no + adj. 中no 表示否定

　　9. The author thinks of advertisements as ____.
　　A) convincing B) influential C) instructive D) authoritative
　　注：态度题，找作者直接评价语句，倒数第二段，应该是负评价。
　　convincing 有说服力的 authoritative 权威的
　　instructive 有启发性的,有教育意义的
　　influential 有影响的
　　A、C、D都属于正面评价，只有B为中性评价

　　31. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ________.
　　A) he is a lazy person
　　B) he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
　　C) he is not sure when his energy is low
　　D) he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening

　　32. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
　　A) Unawareness of energy cycles.
　　B) Familiar monologues.
　　C) A change in a family member's energy cycle.
　　D) Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.

　　33. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should _________.
　　A) change his energy cycle B) overcome his laziness
　　C) get up earlier than usual D) go to bed earlier

　　34. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will _________.
　　A) help to keep your energy for the day's work
　　B) help you to control your temper early in the day
　　C) enable you to concentrate on your routine work
　　D) keep your energy cycle under control all day

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　　Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:

　　Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it's painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.

　　注：1.第一句提出现象，后面跟着对现象的解释，这种解释一般是考点
　　2.but 转折词和 might 虚拟语气都表达作者负态度
　　3.最后一句话 he has proved... 主题句

　　During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you're 'hot'. That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.

　　注：1.peak 顶峰，高峰 2.forenoon 上午

　　You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract (对抗) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won't change your cycle, but you'll get up steam (鼓起干劲) and work better at your low point.

　　注：1.第一句话结论句，后面跟着结论的解释
　　2.stay up 熬夜
　　3.rise 起床
　　4.本段说明针对能量周期我们怎么做

　　Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn (呵欠) and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.

　　注：1.Get off to a slow start 刚开始慢慢来
　　2.which引导定语从句其实是解释
　　3.本段解释慢慢来的具体动作，应该速读
　　4.routine 例行公事的 5.concentration 集中

　　During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you' re 'hot'. That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.

　　You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract (对抗) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won' t change your cycle, but you'll get up steam (鼓起干劲) and work better at your low point.

　　35. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
　　A) Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one's energy.
　　B) Dr. Kleitman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.
　　C) Habit helps one adapt to his own energy cycle.
　　D) Children have energy cycles, too.
　　注：排除法。
　　A选项对应“Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. ”
　　B选项与“No one has discovered why this is so,...”矛盾。
　　C选项对应“You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. ”
　　D选项对应第一段的末句。“He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.”

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　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:

　　36. In the passage the author's attitude towards 'mixed-ability teaching' is _________.
　　A) critical B) questioning
　　C) approving D) objective

　　37. By 'held back' (Line 1) the author means ________.
　　A) made to remain in the same classes
　　B) forced to study in the lower classes
　　C) drawn to their studies
　　D) prevented from advancing.

　　38. The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be the development of the student's ________.
　　A) personal qualities and social skills
　　B) total personality
　　C) learning ability and communicative skills
　　D) intellectual ability

　　39. Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the third paragraph?
　　A) Group work gives pupils the opportunity to learn to work together with others.
　　B) Pupils also learn to develop their reasoning abilities.
　　C) Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to be capable organizers.
　　D) Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities.

　　40. The author's purpose of writing this passage is to ________
　　A) argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same class
　　B) recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities
　　C) offer advice on the proper use of the library
　　D) emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teaching

　　主题题型：

　　1.主题句：一段首、末句、二段首句
　　2.一般主题句为一段首句，以下情况下出现在一段末句或者二段首句
　　a. 发生转折时

　　[Page 9] When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty (保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.

　　We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把…按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!

　　注：第一句结论句，文章主题句

　　Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual (智力)ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.

　　注：
　　1.Besides并列关系，与“We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把…按能力分班) pupils. ”对应。
　　2.value v. 重视 contribute to 有贡献，有助于
　　3.本段末句强烈结论句，后面跟着解释：为什么混班教学有帮助？

　　注：to...to...to...列举语言现象，常考 not mention 题型和 except 题型，快速扫描列举部分，快读慢做题

　　Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.

　　注：与第三段The pupils often work in groups并列来解释第三段首句work in various ways

　　36. In the passage the author's attitude towards 'mixed-ability teaching' is _________
　　A) critical
　　B) questioning
　　C) approving
　　D) objective
　　注：
　　1.态度题，找直接评价语句，本文为第一句，正态度
　　2.critical 批评的，负的 questioning 质疑的，负的
　　approving 赞同的，正的 objective 客观的，中性的

　　37. By 'held back' (Line 1) the author means' ________
　　A) made to remain in the same classes
　　B) forced to study in the lower classes
　　C) drawn to their studies
　　D) prevented from advancing.
　　注：词汇题，根据上下文关系来做

　　38. The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be the development of the student's ________
　　A) personal qualities and social skills
　　B) total personality
　　C) learning ability and communicative skills
　　D) intellectual ability
　　注：定位第二段，应选择“充分发展”

　　In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with (对付) personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.
　　40. The author's purpose of writing this passage is to ________
　　A) argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same class
　　B) recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities
　　C) offer advice on the proper use of the library
　　D) emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teaching
　　注：写作目的题型
　　写作目的=写作动机（动词或动词词组+目标读者）+文章主题

　　[Page 92-6]
　　The author's purpose writing this passage is to tell ____.
　　(A) readers how to be popular in with around
　　(B) teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
　　(C) parents how to control and guide their children
　　(D) people how to understand and respect each other

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　　实验型文章的做题方法：

　　1、抓住实验代表人物
　　2、抓住实验目的
　　　 1）通常为实验开始前的动词不定式
　　　 2）实验目的=实验型文章的主题
　　3、抓住实验结果：实验结果-----直接结果和实验结论

　　Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:

　　21. The purpose of George Spilich's experiments is _________.
　　A) to test whether smoking has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokers
　　B) to show how smoking damages people's mental capacity
　　C) to prove that smoking affects people's regular performance
　　D) to find out whether smoking helps people's short-term memory

　　23. The word "bested" (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means ________.
　　A) beat B) envied
　　C) caught up with
　　D) made the best of

　　24. Which of the following statements is true?
　　A) Active smokers in general performed better than deprived smokers.
　　B) Active smokers responded more quickly than the other subjects.
　　C) Non-smokers were not better than other subjects in performing simple tasks.
　　D) Deprived smokers gave the slowest responses to the various tasks.

　　Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether as many smokers say, smoking helps them to "think and concentrate." Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests.

　　注：1.concentrate 集中注意力
　　2.第一段交待实验对象，实验目的

　　In the first test, each subject (试验对象) sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a grouping of 96. In this simple tests smokers, deprived smokers and non-smokers performed equally well.

　　注：第一句实验过程即细节，应该速读，第二句实验结果

　　The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were faster, but under the stimulation of nicotine (尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived smokers.

　　注：1.第一句实验细节
　　2.stimulation 刺激

　　In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers.

　　注：committe=do （坏事） commite a crime

　　The fourth test required people to read a passage,

　　注：定位第二段，应选择“充分发展”

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　　实验型文章的做题方法：

　　1、抓住实验代表人物
　　2、抓住实验目的
　　1）通常为实验开始前的动词不定式
　　2）实验目的=实验型文章的主题
　　3、抓住实验结果：实验结果-----直接结果和实验结论

　　Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:

　　23. The word "bested" (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means ________.
　　A) beat
　　B) envied
　　C) caught up with
　　D) made the best of

　　注：1.concentrate 集中注意力 2.第一段交待实验对象，实验目的

　　注：第一句实验过程即细节，应该速读，第二句实验结果

　　注：1.第一句实验细节
　　2.stimulation 刺激

　　In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers.

　　注：committe=do （坏事） commite a crime

　　The fourth test required people to read a passage, then answer questions about it. Nonsmokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers, and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant details.

　　注：1.首句为实验过程
　　2.第二句为实验结果，作比较，可简写为 Nonsmoker remembered more than active smoker
　　3.划线的部分指的是active smoker. 即deprived smoker bested active smoker
　　4.best v. 胜过

　　23. The word "bested" (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means ________.
　　A) beat
　　B) envied
　　C) caught up with
　　D) made the best of
　　注：词汇题，根据第5段末句的意思可推断为A选项。
　　"As our tests became more complex." Sums up Spilich, "non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins," He predicts, "smokers might perform adequately at many jobs - until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity."

　　注：1.by wide margin 差距大 margine 差距；页边空白处，利润
　　2.perform 执行，表演
　　3.末句为重要句：
　　尤其是末句出现转折时或者末句为结论时。本句出现了but
　　4.mental 思维的，精神的 mental capacity 思维能力

　　25. We can infer from the last paragraph that _________.
　　A) smokers should not expect to become airline pilots
　　B) smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness
　　C) no airline pilots smoke during flights
　　D) smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases
　　注：1.此题为推理题，选项的特点为文章相应内容的同义改写
　　2.根据选项定位最后一段末句，重点在but后面
　　3.prove unequal to 无法胜任，D项为but后的同义改写
　　4.C选项首先是过度推理，其次no+n.为绝对语气词，通常为干扰，带有可能性语气词的选项通常为优选(不但适用于推理题，而且适用于所有题型)

　　"As our tests became more complex." Sums up Spilich, "non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins," He predicts, "smokers might perform adequately at many jobs - until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity."

　　21. The purpose of George Spilich' s experiments is _________.
　　A) to test whether smoking has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokers
　　B) to show how smoking damages people's mental capacity
　　C) to prove that smoking affects people's regular performance
　　D) to find out whether smoking helps people's short-term memory
　　注：实验目的题，A 项为第一段实验目的同义改写，B,C 项为吸烟的负面影响与文中意思相反

　　22. George Spilich' s experiment was conducted in such a way as to _________.
　　A) compel the subjects to separate major information from minor details
　　B) put the subjects through increasingly complex tests
　　C) check the effectiveness of nicotine on smokers
　　D) register the prompt responses of the subjects
　　注：1.题目中没有具体指出是哪一个实验，所以就是针对所有提到的实验来说。
　　2.A 涉及文章倒数第二段的实验。

　　3.C 涉及文章第三段的实验。

　　4.D 选项也只涉及文章中某一个实验。

　　23. The word "bested" (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means ________.
　　A) beat
　　B) envied
　　C) caught up with
　　D) made the best of
　　注：词汇题，根据第5段末句的意思可推断为A选项。

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　　Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:

　　16. According to the author, the sonar system of bats is an example of the idea that ____.
　　A) this is the age of technological triumphs
　　B) modern machines are inefficient
　　C) living mechanisms are often more efficient than man -made machines
　　D) artificial imitations are always less efficient than living mechanisms

　　17. The author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____.
　　A) was at the height of its perfection 50 million years ago
　　B) is better than man-made sonar because it has had 50 million years to be be refined
　　C) should have been discovered by man many years ago
　　D) is the same as it was 50 million years ago

　　18. Echo location in this article means the _____.
　　A) location of echoes
　　B) ability to determine where an echo comes from
　　C) scientific term for sound waves
　　D) ability to locate unseen objects by echoes

　　19 This article was written to illustrate ____.
　　A) the deficiencies of man-made sonar
　　B) the dependence of man upon animals
　　C) that we are living in a machine age
　　D) that the sonar system of bats is remarkable

　　20. The following is the main point of the article:____
　　A) A bat will catch hundreds of insects in a single hour.
　　B) There is a perfection in nature which sometimes can not be matched by man's creative efforts.
　　C) The phrase "blind as a bat" is valid.
　　D) Sonar and radar systems of man are inefficient.

　　In these days of technological triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that living mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations. There is no better illustration of this idea than the sonar (声纳) system of bats. It is billions of times more efficient and more sensitive than the radars and sonars designed by man.

　　注：1.triumph 胜利，成功
　　2.it is well to 有必要
　　3.incomparably 不可比地
　　4.第一句主题句：天然胜于人工 artificial 人工的5.illustration 例证，本段末句强烈结论

　　Of course, the bats have had some 50 million years of evolution to refine their sonar. Their physiological mechanisms for echo location, based on all this accumulated experience, therefore deserve our thorough study and analysis.

　　注：1.refine 提炼、改善
　　2.二段首句是对首段末句的解释
　　3.50 million years对应的是第17小题

　　17. The author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____
　　A) was at the height of its perfection 50 million years ago
　　B) is better than man-made sonar because it has had 50 million years to be be refined
　　C) should have been discovered by man many years ago
　　D) is the same as it was 50 million years ago

　　注：B 选项体现一段结尾和二段开头，应该优选，含有关系词 because,although,not only...but also, as well as 的应该优选

　　To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their reliance upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This was brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani. He caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they had found their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanxani found that they had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human ears. A bat will catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles (卵石) tossed (向上扔）into the air.

　　注：1.第二句Thanks to sonar... 结果句
　　2.get along 生活 get along with 相处
　　3.blind 蒙住眼睛
　　4.We know from... 结果句
　　5.末句为细节

　　注：B 选项体现一段结尾和二段开头，应该优选，含有关系词 because,although,not only...but also, as well as 的应该优选

　　注：1.A 为干扰选项，过于表面化

　　2.B 项为等价选项所以为错误o appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their reliance upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This was brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist

　　Lazzaro Spallanzani. He caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they had found their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanxani found that they had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human ears. A bat will catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles (卵石) tossed (向上扔）into the air.

　　19. This article was written to illustrate ____.
　　A) the deficiencies of man-made sonar
　　B) the dependence of man upon animals
　　C) that we are living in a machine age
　　D) that the sonar system of bats is remarkable

　　注：写作目的题型，写作目的=写作动机+文章主题，看文章主题第一句话

　　注：写作主题题型，第一句话的同义改写 match v. 匹敌

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　　Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:

　　11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.
　　A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion
　　B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
　　C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning
　　D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced

　　12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
　　A) classical conditioning
　　B) operant conditioning
　　C) neither of them
　　D) some other sorts of conditioning

　　13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning
　　through ____.
　　A) classical conditioning
　　B) operant conditioning
　　C) both of them
　　D) neither of them

　　14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.
　　A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
　　B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
　　C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on
　　D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning

　　15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.
　　A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings
　　B) the third kind of learning
　　C) further examples of learning through operant conditioning
　　D) none of the above

　　In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.

　　注：1.physiologically 生理的，mental / phycological 心理的
　　2.modify 修改、改变；pair with 伴随
　　3.it is ...that 强调介词状语结构
　　●分类型文章：
　　　1.分为几类就是文章主题
　　　2.抓住各类主体词/基本特征词（通常为动词）
　　　3.多余段落通常例证某一类

　　The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.

　　注：1.operant 操作型的，词源 operate
　　2.cuddle 拥抱
　　3.第一种 classical conditioning：联系而去做；第二种 operant conditioning：有奖惩而去做

　　Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.

　　注：1.interact 交往，相互影响
　　2.positive 正面的 negative 负面的
　　3.本段是多余段落，例证第一种 classical conditioning
　　4.mean a. 卑鄙的

　　注：主题题，第一段主题句为第二句

　　注：应用题

　　13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through ____.
　　A) classical conditioning
　　B) operant conditioning
　　C) both of them
　　D) neither of them

　　注：应用题，furry 有毛的

　　注：主题题，末端首句也是结论句

　　注：第一段讲classical conditioning，第二段讲operant conditioning，第三段讲classical conditioning，第四段应该讲operant conditioning。

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　　●考文章之前或之后内容的题目，注意文章结构的对称完整性

　　Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:

　　26. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
　　A) are directly related to pleasure
　　B) will meet their physical needs
　　C) will bring them a feeling of success
　　D) will satisfy their curiosity

　　27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
　　A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
　　B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
　　C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
　　D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink

　　28. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
　　A) have the lights turned on
　　B) be rewarded with milk
　　C) please their parents
　　D) be praised

　　29. The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because _________.
　　A) the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"
　　B) the sight of the lights was interesting
　　C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
　　D) they succeeded in "switching on" the lights

　　30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _______.
　　A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
　　B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
　　C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
　　D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills

　　For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures -learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

　　注：1.past 和 widely accepted：老观点和大众观点，一般应该是否定的
　　2.used also to be widely：另一个老观点
　　3.In other words 概括老观点

　　It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

　　注：1.behave 行为，举止
　　2.outcome 结果
　　3.with no reward except 双重否定，所以是肯定结构
　　4.本段阐述新观点

　　Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights - and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

　　注：1.study：开始做实验，抓住代表人物、实验目的、实验结果
　　2.第一句过程，第二句 notice 表示结果
　　3.found 表示实验结果

　　注：考第一个实验结果，notice 引导；B、C为等价选项。

　　注：考第二个实验结果，found 引导

　　Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

　　注：1.observation 暗示着实验结果
　　2.fundamental 基本的；urge n.欲望；make sense of 理解

　　注：考第三个实验结果，observation 引导

　　注：考最后一段，最后一句的同义改写

　　注：主题题，第二段末句

　　It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

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　　阅读方法：

　　1.先看题干关键词再读文章，抓住考试原则句
　　2.文章详略程度的把握：细节举例快读，结论慢读
　　3.固定类型文章：实验型文章，分类型文章
　　4.主题题：主题句的确定方法
　　5.细节题：准确定位，主要考考试原则句
　　6.词汇题：根据上下文关系
　　7.推理题：正确答案在文章中存在
　　8.态度题：找直接评价语句

　　细节题准确定位方法：

　　1、根据题干关键词定位。（注意题干关键词在文章中的同义词）
　　例：brave=bold

　　2、利用因果、条件、比较关系词定位。
　　例：It's a better way of education. 条件词：It is a good way of education；if.... At...When...都是if的同义转换。

　　3、注意结合顺序原则定位。

　　4、难于定位时，抓住段落中最重要的考试原则句进行反推

　　18. Echo location in this article means the _____.根据顺序原则定位在第三段。
　　A) location of echoes
　　B) ability to determine where an echo comes from
　　C) scientific term for sound waves
　　D) ability to locate unseen objects by echoes
　　To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their reliance upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This was brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani. He caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them. and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they
　　had found their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanxani found that they had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human ears. A bat will catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles (卵石) tossed (向上扔)into the air.

　　Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:

　　31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________
　　A) complain personally to the manager
　　B) threaten to take the matter to court
　　C) write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase
　　D) show some written proof of the purchase to the store

　　32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
　　A) a shop assistant
　　B) the manufacturer
　　C) the store manager
　　D) a public organization

　　33. The most effective complaint can be made by _________.
　　A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturer
　　B) explaining exactly what is wrong with the item
　　C) saying firmly that the item is of poor quality
　　D) asking politely to change the item

　　34. The phrase "live up to"(Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
　　A) meet the standard of
　　B) realize the purpose of
　　C) fulfill the demands of
　　D) keep the promise of

　　35. The passage tells us _________.
　　A) how to settle a consumer' s complaint about a faulty item
　　B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
　　C) how to avoid buying a faulty item
　　D) how to deal with complaints from customers

　　When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.

　　注：1.present v. 提交
　　2.主题句后将介绍其他不同投诉的方法

　　A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the "higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer' s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.

　　注：the more...the more... 比较结构，可以跟32题联系在一起。
　　（到此处，文章后面的题目中有4道题已经可以定位了。31题、32题、34题和35题）

　　Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.
　　Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, "The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear" is better than "This stereo(立体声音响)does not work."

　　注：1.firmly 坚决的
　　2.demonstrate 证明、证实
　　3.specific 具体的，详细的
　　4.as to = about

　　The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers' rights.

　　注：B 选项 exactly =文中specific，同义改写

　　注：1.A、B、C是窜段选项

　　2.提交保单或有力证明是文章中第一段就提到的the first step

　　32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
　　A) a shop assistant B) the manufacturer
　　C) the store manager D) a public organization
　　注：级别越高，解决问题越快

　　A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the " higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer' s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.

　　34. The phrase "live up to"(Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
　　A) meet the standard of B) realize the purpose of
　　C) fulfill the demands of D) keep the promise of

　　注：词汇题。
　　1.or 前后两部分意思相近：faulty 产品有问题/不符合厂家宣称质量
　　2.采用代入法，将选项代替文中的 live up to ，找到符合句义的选项

　　35. The passage tells us _________.
　　A) how to settle a consumer's complaint about a faulty item
　　B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
　　C) how to avoid buying a faulty item
　　D) how to deal with complaints from customers

　　注：1.主题题，有效投诉
　　2.其他的选项都是从商场的角度，而文章是从消费者的角度来写的。

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　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:

　　36. Designers and big stores always make money ________.
　　A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry
　　B) because they are capable of predicting new fashions
　　C) by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing
　　D) because they attach great importance to quality in women s clothing

　　37. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as _________.
　　A) a waste of money
　　B) a waste of time
　　C) an expression of taste
　　D) an expression of creativity

　　38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ________of clothing.
　　A) cost
　　B) appearance
　　C) comfort
　　D) suitability

　　39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
　　A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.
　　B) The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.
　　C) The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.
　　D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.

　　40. By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious" (Para. 4, Line 1-2), the writer means that _________.
　　A) women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at
　　B) women are better able to put up with discomfort
　　C) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers
　　D) men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion

　　If women are mercilessly exploited (剥削) year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.

　　注：1.merciless 无情的
　　2.第一句结论主题句
　　3.taken advantage of 利用；tremble 颤抖
　　4.fashion 时尚，时装，形势；一词多义的现象：blue 蓝色；忧郁的；社会地位比较高的妇女，blues 蓝调音乐

　　注：考得是首段第二和第三句之间的关系

　　Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.

　　注：1.nothing/no more than = only
　　2.changing fashion 改变中的时尚
　　3.alter 改变；afford 承担，支付
　　4.本段首句结论句，末句细节句

　　No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.

　　注：1.首句为结论句，后面开始解释
　　2.vital 重要的 vit 词根，意思是“重要”
　　VIP = very important person 重要的人
　　3.put up with 忍受= stand
　　4.末句为细节句，速读

　　When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women' s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.

　　注：通过alter 一词定位于第二段

　　38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the _________of clothing.
　　A) cost
　　B) appearance
　　C) comfort
　　D) suitability

　　注：1.place stress on 重视

　　2.本句为虚拟语气，说明应该是设计师没有重视而被作者批判的东西。反过来想，定位第三段第二句，考得是列举现象

　　注：1.exploitation 剥削，探索
　　2.A 选项为文章首句前半句的同义改写
　　3.B 陈述句表示确定语气，与文章中疑问句的不确定语气不同；C 项与文中意思相反，D 选项中only 绝对化语气词

　　40. By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious" (Para. 4, Line 1-2), the writer means that __________.
　　A) women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at
　　B) women are better able to put up with discomfort
　　C) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers
　　D) men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion

　　注：1.A 和 B 都是涉及第三段内容，是窜段选项。C选项与末段Men are too clever to let themselves... 意思冲突
　　2.D 项为最后一段 Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. 的同义改写

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　　Question 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:

　　21. Teachers are different in their opinions about _______
　　A) the difficulties in teaching spelling
　　B) the role of spelling in general language development
　　C) the complexities of the basic writing skills
　　D) the necessity of teaching spelling

　　22. The expression "play safe" probably means ________
　　A) to write carefully
　　B) to do as teachers say
　　C) to use dictionaries frequently
　　D) to avoid using words one is not sure of

　　23. Teachers encourage the use of dictionaries so that _________
　　A) students will be able to express their ideas more freely
　　B) teachers will have less trouble in correcting mistakes
　　C) students will have more confidence in writing
　　D) students will learn to be independent of teachers

　　24. The writer seems to think that the teacher's judgement on that sensitive piece of writing is ____________.
　　A) reasonable
　　B) unfair
　　C) foolish
　　D) careless

　　25. The major point discussed in the passage is ________
　　A) the importance of developing writing skills
　　B) the complexities of spelling
　　C) the correct way of marking compositions
　　D) the relationship between spelling and the content of a composition

　　There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?

　　注：1.第一段中间出现 however, 末句为主题句
　　2.popular belief 普遍观点，负态度
　　3.ignor 忽略 = neglect = overlook, 区别是：ignor (故意) overlook ( 忽略)
　　4.give A priority over B 给A优先权
　　5.confidently 自信的

　　If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teacher's interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to "play safe". He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. That's why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.

　　注：1.focal 关注的，名词为 focus 焦点
　　2.adventurous 冒险的
　　3.content 内容，contend 包含
　　4.technical ability 指的是 spelling

　　注：文章第二段，该词出现在第一句，解释答案在第二句。考得是两句关系

　　注：文章第二段，B,D 选项文章未提到，可排除。定位此段末句，选择A项

　　I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience: "This work is terrible! There are far too many spelling errors and your writing is illegible (难以辨认的)." It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil's technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child's deep feelings. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centered on the child's ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation (动力) to seek improvement.

　　注：1.shock 震惊
　　2.omit 省略
　　3.作者对作文评语的负评价，but 及虚拟语气可以表明作者的态度。

　　24. The writer seems to think that the teacher's judgement on that sensitive piece of writing is ____________.
　　A) reasonable　　B) unfair
　　C) foolish 　　D) careless

　　注：作者持负态度，所以选择B

　　注：文章第一段，role 对应文章中的 priority

　　注：主题题，D 选项是对主题句的同义改写

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　　Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:

　　26. The phrase "be brought forward" in Line 2 most probably means _________.
　　A) be expected
　　B) be completed
　　C) be advanced
　　D) be introduced

　　27. Some scientists believe that a breakthrough in the use of solar energy depends on __________.
　　A) sufficient funding
　　B) further experiments
　　C) advanced technology
　　D) well-equipped laboratories

　　28. According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide ________.
　　A) a little more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000
　　B) 3% of the EEC' s needs before the year 2000
　　C) less than 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
　　D) only 3% of the EEC's needs even after the year 2000

　　29. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
　　A) The EEC spends one billion pounds on imported energy each year.
　　B) At the present level of research spending, it is difficult to make any significant progress in the provision of energy from the sun.
　　C) The total yearly spending of the EEC on solar energy research amounted to almost 6 million dollars.
　　D) the desired breakthrough could be obtained by the end of the next decade if investment were increased.

　　30. The application of advanced technology to research in solar energy _________.
　　A) would lead to a big increase in research funding
　　B) would make it unnecessary to import oil
　　C) would make it possible to meet the future energy needs of the EEC
　　D) would provide a much greater proportion of the Community's future energy needs

　　A breakthrough (突破) in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC's research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra near Milan.

　　注：1.provision 提供，来自 provide
　　2.modest 少量的，谦虚的
　　3.according to 之前是重点

　　The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy program, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year 2,000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.

　　注：1.with 引导从句做状语
　　2.achieve 获得，达到

　　28. According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide ________.
　　A) a little more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000
　　B) 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
　　C) less than 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
　　D) only 3% of the EEC's needs even after the year 2000

　　注：定位在文章第二段。

　　Mr. Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided three percent of the EEC's needs, this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year. And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be possible to satisfy a much bigger share of the Community's future energy needs.

　　注：1.bill 花费，请客的几种说法：It's on me/It's my treat/Let me have the bill
　　2.四级常出现的复杂宾语从句：that with...it is ....that/to...
　　3.share 分享，份量，份额
　　4.本段考试原则句：两个比较级more advanced 和 bigger share ，一个因果关系

　　At present the EEC spends about $2.6 millions a year on solar research at Ispra, one of the EEC's official joint research centres, and another $3 millions a year in indirect research with universities and other independent bodies.

　　注：两个数字2.6millions 和3 millions形成总和关系

　　26. The phrase "be brought forward" in Line 2 most probably means _________.
　　A) be expected
　　B) be completed
　　C) be advanced
　　D) be introduced

　　注：考得是动词词组含义，可根据动词词组的副词来判断大致方向。brought forward 向前；向后：hold back
　　同类型题：

　　注：1.A选项应该是节约one billion
　　2. C 选项是末段数字之和关系

　　注：D选项中的 greater proportion = 文章第三段中的 bigger share

　　注：A选项讲到资金；C讲第三段，为窜段选项；D涉及句子次要成分的选项，

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　　●涉及句子当中主要成分选项优选于涉及次要成分选项，次要成分包括：插入语，同位语

　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:

　　36. The major problems with America's railroad system in the mid 19th century lay in _________.
　　A) poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systems
　　B) lack of financial support for development
　　C) limited railroad lines
　　D) lack of a transcontinental railroad

　　37. The building of the first transcontinental system _________.
　　A) brought about a rapid growth of industry and farming in the west
　　B) attracted many visitors to the construction sites
　　C) attracted laborers from Europe
　　D) encouraged people to travel all over the country

　　38. The best title for this passage would be ________
　　A) Settlements Spread Westward
　　B) The Coast-to-Coast Railroad: A Vital Link
　　C) American Railroad History
　　D) The Importance of Railroads in the American Economy

　　39. The construction of the transcontinental railroad took _________.
　　A) 9 years
　　B) 7 years
　　C) 4 years
　　D) 3 years

　　40. What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?
　　A) The possibility of government support for such a task.
　　B) The need to explore Utah.
　　C) The need to connect the east coast with the west.

　　A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement (新拓居地) spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.

　　注：1.首句提出问题，后跟着解决方案。
　　四级文章套路：有现象必有解释，有结论必有解释，有问题必有解决方案
　　2.most serious 对应36题中的 major problem，最高级出现是考点

　　The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.

　　注：1.authorize 授权
　　2.1862、4 years、1869三个数字出现，是考点
　　3.what is now 现在的

　　The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.

　　注：A 选项看末段，B 选项铁路建成大家来庆祝，C 选项错误推理，文章中的意思为雇佣爱尔兰工人

　　39. The construction of the transcontinental railroad took _________.
　　A) 9 years
　　B) 7 years
　　C) 4 years
　　D) 3 years

　　注：1869-(1862+4)=3

　　注：1.问题是建设跨洲铁路的目的
　　2.transcontinental 跨越大洲的 trans -- 跨越

　　注：本文主题词：transcontinent railroad，A选项直接摘抄，C选项范围过大，D选项railroads范围过大

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　　●文章标题题型：

　　1.文章主题词必须在选项中出现
　　2.选项范围恰如其分，不可过大，亦不可过于细节
　　范围过大：选项本身范围过大；选项缺少文章中的限定词
　　范围过细：只出现某一段中心事物的选项
　　3.直接从文章首句或某句话摘抄词语编成的选项为干扰

　　Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:

　　51. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that
　　statuses can help us _________.
　　A) determine whether a person is fit for a certain job
　　B) behave appropriately in relation to other people
　　C) protect ourselves in unfamiliar situations
　　D) make friends with other people

　　注：status 身份地位

　　52. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses _________.
　　A) in order to identify themselves with others
　　B) in order to better identify others
　　C) as their mental processes change
　　D) as the situation changes

　　注：assume 承担，采取 assuming 在句首相当于 if

　　53. The word "appraisal" (Line 5, Para. 2) most probably means "___________".
　　A) involvement
　　B) appreciation
　　C) assessment
　　D) presentation

　　注：词汇题

　　54. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun "it" refers to "_________".
　　A) fitting our actions to those of other people appropriately
　　B) identification of other people's statuses
　　C) selecting one's own statuses
　　D) constant mental process

　　55. By saying that "an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince"(Lines 2-3, Para. 3), the writer means _________.
　　A) different people have different styles of clothes
　　B) ready-made clothes may need alterations
　　C) statuses come ready made just like clothes
　　D) our choice of statuses is limited

　　Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we "fit" in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, and so on.

　　注：1.首句主题句
　　2.fit 加了引号，意义有所改变
　　3.property 财产，尤指房产

　　The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly.

　　注：1.I am nobody 我是无名之辈；somebody 大人物；I am small / big potato 我是小/大人物；
　　2.this means 解释上一句，所以这句与上一句难句意思应该接近
　　3.mental process 思维过程
　　4.effortlessly 毫不费力的

　　注：different 对应第第二段中的 various，该题应为第二段第一句改写

　　53. The word "appraisal" (Line 5, Para. 2) most probably means "___________".
　　A) involvement
　　B) appreciation
　　C) assessment
　　D) presentation

　　注：词汇题。一种心理活动，A 涉及，B 感激，C 评价，D 成交，故排除非心理活动A项和D项，采用代入法可排除B项

　　注：指代题。二段末句中的前半句中的 the task,而task又指代的是前边一句中提到的内容

　　A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume (服装) of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook (钱包). Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statues too come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.

　　注：1.四级文章比喻、类比相当于举例。举例常为细节，服务于结论，速读
　　2.rack 衣架
　　3.本段首句和末句之外都是举例部分

　　注：1.文章最后一句
　　2.考举例一定不是考举的例子本身，一定是考从中抽象出来的大结论。

　　51. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us _________.
　　A) determine whether a person is fit for a certain job
　　B) behave appropriately in relation to other people
　　C) protect ourselves in unfamiliar situations
　　D) make friends with other people

　　注：1.重点第一句和第二句，第一句话说明身份地位的
　　功能：使我们对他人的言谈举止恰如其分
　　2.首句中的get along with是指与某人相处，get well along with 和睦相处
　　3.A项中的fit 与文中的fit意思不同

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　　Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:

　　31. According to the passage the Jarvik-7 artificial heart proved to be ________.
　　A) a technical failure
　　B) a technical wonder
　　C) a good life saver
　　D) an effective means to treat heart disease

　　32. From the passage we know that Symbion Inc. ________.
　　A) has been banned by the government from producing artificial hearts
　　B) will review the effects of artificial hearts before designing new models
　　C) may continue to work on new models of reliable artificial hearts
　　D) can make new models of artificial hearts available on the market in 10 to 20 years

　　33. The new models of artificial hearts are expected _________.
　　A) to have a working life of 10 or 20 years
　　B) to be set fully in the patient's chest
　　C) to be equipped with an external power source
　　D) to create a new passage for infection

　　34. The word "them" in Line 7, Para. 2 refers to _________.
　　A) doctors who treat heart diseases
　　B) makers of artificial hearts
　　C) America's health-care programs
　　D) new models of artificial hearts

　　注：指代题

　　35. Some people feel that _________.
　　A) artificial hearts are seldom effective
　　B) the country should not spend so much money on artificial hearts
　　C) the country is not spending enough money on artificial hearts
　　D) America's health-care programs are not doing enough for the nation's health

　　Just seven years ago, the Jarvik-7 artificial heart was being cheered as the model of human creativeness. The sight of Barney Clark - alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for a metal-and-plastic pump - convinced the press, the public and many doctors that the future had arrived. It hadn't. After monitoring production of the Jarvik-7, and reviewing its effects on the 150 or so patients (most of whom got the device as a temporary measure) the U.S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them. Last week the agency cancelled its earlier approval, effectively banning (禁止) the device.

　　注：1.cheer 欢呼、喝彩
　　2.convince 使……相信
　　3.monitor 监视
　　4.review 回顾
　　5.the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 美国食物药品管理局简写FDA

　　●成果型文章：
　　1.文章中只有一个成果，作者正评价
　　2.文中出现新、老两个成果，新成果正评，老成果负评，抓住正负评价原因
　　3.抓住新老成果各自技术特点

　　The recall may hurt Symbion Inc, maker of the Jarvik-7, but it won't end the request for an artificial heart. One problem with the banned model is that the tubes connecting it to an external power source created a passage for infection (感染). Inventors are now working on new devices that would be fully placed, along with a tiny power pack, in the patient's chest. The first sample products aren't expected for another 10 or 20 years. But some people are already worrying that they'll work - and that America's overextended health-care programs will lose a precious $2.5 billion to $5 billion a year providing them for a relatively few dying patients. If such expenditures (开支) cut into funding for more basic care, the net effect could actually be a decline in the nation's health.

　　注：1.recall 取消，re 有“向后”含义
　　2.看到Symbion Inc.就把32题标在这里；看到new devices就把33题标在这里。
　　3.external 外部的，passage 通道
　　4.work 可行、有效，they 指代前文 the first sample product
　　5.providing 引导现在分词做状语

　　指代题做法：1.将代词所在句代词之前部分的名词以及代词之前句子的名词划出
　　2.根据单复数缩小范围
　　3.注意结合动词判断所指代为人、事或物

　　注：指代题，按照指代题的作法解题

　　注：对老成果负评价

　　32. From the passage we know that Symbion Inc. ________.
　　A) has been banned by the government from producing artificial hearts
　　B) will review the effects of artificial hearts before designing new models
　　C) may continue to work on new models of reliable
　　artificial hearts
　　D) can make new models of artificial hearts available on the market in 10 to 20 years

　　注：屡败屡战。A 选项为泛指而文章为特指；B 选项为窜段选项，另外选项中的 artificial hearts 扩大了文章中的指代范围。
　　二段首句：The recall may hurt Symbion Inc, maker of the Jarvik-7, but it won't end the request for an artificial heart.

　　注：第二段考新成果的技术特点

　　注：定位第二段 But some people are already worrying ...

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　　Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:

　　56.The passage is meant to _________.
　　A) warn young people of the hardships that a successful writer has to experience
　　B) advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writer
　　C) show young people it' s unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth and fame
　　D) encourage young people to pursue a writing career

　　57. What can be concluded from the passage?
　　A) Genuine writers often find their work interesting and rewarding.
　　B) A writer s success depends on luck rather than on effort.
　　C) Famous writers usually live in poverty and isolation.
　　D) The chances for a writer to become successful are small.

　　58. Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first year of his writing career?
　　A) He wasn' t able to produce a single book.
　　B) He hadn't seen a change for the better.
　　C) He wasn' t able to have a rest for a whole year.
　　D) He found his dream would never come true.

　　59. "... people who die wondering, What if?" (Line 3, Para. 3) refers to "those
　　A) who think too much of the dark side of life
　　B) who regret giving up their career halfway
　　C) who think a lot without making a decision
　　D) who are full of imagination even upon death

　　60. "Shadowland" in the last sentence refers to _________
　　A) the wonderland one often dreams about
　　B) the bright future that one is looking forward to
　　C) the state of uncertainty before one' s final goal is reached
　　D) a world that exists only in one's imagination

　　Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that there's a big difference between "being a writer" and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. "You've got to want to write," I say to them, "not want to be a writer."

　　注：1.一段首句细节，二段首句是文章主题句，本文为文科文章，以态度为切入点
　　2.But 转折，表明了作者负态度，但I always encourage such people, but I also... 全句来看是混合(中立)态度。

　　The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer (自由撰稿者), I had no prospects at all: What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn't even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and felt like a genuine writer.

　　注：1.fortune 幸运，财富
　　2.本段首句主题句，第二段结论句，career 事业，经历
　　3.manual 手动 genuine 真正的 gene 基因

　　After a year or so, however, I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn't going to be one of those people who die wondering; what if? I would keep putting my dream to the test --- even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.

　　注：After a year 对应58题

　　59. "... people who die wondering, What if?" (Line 3, Para. 3) refers to "those _________"
　　A) who think too much of the dark side of life
　　B) who regret giving up their career halfway
　　C) who think a lot without making a decision
　　D) who are full of imagination even upon death

　　注：不能根据字面意思，要看上下文关系来做。

　　●句子含义题做题方法：根据上下句之间相同、相反或解释说明等关系做题。根据该句话本身字面意思得出的选项为干扰选项。（该原则适用于词汇题）

　　60. "Shadowland" in the last sentence refers to _________
　　A) the wonderland one often dreams about
　　B) the bright future that one is looking forward to
　　C) the state of uncertainty before one's final goal is reached
　　D) a world that exists only in one's imagination

　　注：出现在最后一句，但应从前一句中寻找答案。A、B和D项都是字面意思

　　注：1.主题题。二段首句是文章主题句，本文为文科文章，以态度为切入点。
　　2.B和C项都是片面负态度，而文章中作者持混合(中立)态度，故可以排除这两项

　　注：推理题。第二段第二句的同义改写，定位方法：顺序原则(58题的关键词出现在第三段，所以此题应该是在第二段)

　　注：第三段第一句的同义改写，D项中的never 为绝对语气词，故不选

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　　Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:

　　66. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _________.
　　A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
　　B) the amount of monetary rewards for student's creativity
　　C) the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
　　D) the effects of external rewards on students' performance

　　67. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?
　　A) They have no doubts about them.
　　B) They have doubts about them.
　　C) They approve of them.
　　D) They avoid talking about them.

　　68. Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?
　　A) Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.
　　B) Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.
　　C) Giving them rewards they really deserve.
　　D) Giving them rewards they anticipate.

　　69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________.
　　A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
　　B) punishment is more effective than rewarding
　　C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
　　D) discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency

　　70. The phrase "token economies" (Line 1, Para. 5) probably refers to _________.
　　A) ways to develop economy
　　B) systems of rewarding students
　　C) approaches to solving problems
　　D) methods of improving performance

　　Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.

　　注：1.opposing 相反的
　　2.插入语 from warm praise to cold cash 用来解释 external rewards
　　3.argue 认为
　　4.maintain 认为，维持

　　●对比型文章：文章提到两种相反观点，抓住以下几点
　　1.文章主题即对比方面；
　　2.抓住各派观点
　　3.抓住作者态度（a.支持一派反对另一派 b.中立态度）

　　The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of
　　small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

　　注：1.spark 火花激发
　　2.作者用词 careful, properly 表明作者态度是中立的

　　注：只有B 项为负态度

　　"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, "says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."

　　注：anticipation 期望，预期

　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.

　　注：uninspired 没有灵感的
　　inspire 激励，有灵感

　　In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

　　注：文章第一段 divided 对应opposing，attitude 对应 views，A和B选项涉及插入语，为次要成分干扰选项，C为窜句干扰选项

　　●窜句选项：根据题干关键词回文章定位对应语句，如该句话包含题干答案，则凡涉及该段其他语句的选项为窜句选项；如该句不包含答案，到其上下句中寻找答案

　　注：中立调和态度观点，A和B选项来自第三段第一句，错误推理

　　"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."

　　注：D选项是错误推理

　　注：1.token economy 是与“外部奖励”有关的内容
　　2.A选项是字面意思。有文章主题词的选项优选，本文主题词 reward

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　　Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:

　　61. By "... challenges explanation" ( Line 2, Para. 1) the author means that _________
　　A) no explanation is necessary for such an obvious phenomenon
　　B) no explanation has been made up to now
　　C) it' s no easy job to provide an adequate explanation
　　D) it' s high time that an explanation was provided

　　注：词汇题

　　62. The third paragraph is mainly about ________
　　A) the development of babies' early forms of language
　　B) the difficulties of babies in learning to speak
　　C) babies' strong desire to communicate
　　D) babies' intention to communicate

　　注：段落主题题

　　63. The author' s purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show that children _________.
　　A) usually obey without asking questions
　　B) are passive in the process of learning to speak
　　C) are born cooperative
　　D) learn to speak by listening

　　注：段落主题题

　　64. From the passage we learn that _________.
　　A) early starters can learn to speak within only six months
　　B) children show a strong desire to communicate by making noises
　　C) imitation plays an important role in learning to speak
　　D) children have various difficulties in learning to speak

　　65. The best title for this passage would be _________.
　　A) How Babies Learn to Speak
　　B) Early Forms of Language
　　C) A Huge Task for Children
　　D) Noise Making and Language Learning

　　注：标题题

　　It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.
　　注：1.everyone agree 大众观点
　　2.challenge 挑战，难以解释

　　61. By "... challenges explanation" ( Line 2, Para. 1) the author means that _________
　　A) no explanation is necessary for such an obvious phenomenon
　　B) no explanation has been made up to now
　　C) it's no easy job to provide an adequate explanation
　　D) it's high time that an explanation was provided

　　注：1.首句提出的观点和事实是矛盾的关系，所以选C
　　2.no+名词结构是绝对化选项，最好不选,所以排除A和B项
　　3.it's high time that 早该做...后面接虚拟语气

　　Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will "obey" spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.

　　注：1.第一句结论句，主题句，段落首句是重要句
　　2.obey 服从

　　63. The author's purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show that children _________.
　　A) usually obey without asking questions
　　B) are passive in the process of learning to speak
　　C) are born cooperative
　　D) learn to speak by listening

　　注：段落主题题，第二段首句。A选项 obey 出现，而文章中此词带引号，此项为干扰选项

　　Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby' s intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire (能发出的全部声音). This self-imitation leads on to deliberate (有意识的) imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.

　　注：1.首句为主题句。

　　2.as to = about 引导的部分作为定语，修饰 problem
　　62. The third paragraph is mainly about ________
　　A) the development of babies' early forms of language
　　B) the difficulties of babies in learning to speak
　　C) babies' strong desire to communicate
　　D) babies' intention to communicate

　　注：段落主题题，第三段第一句

　　注：文章末段，A选项是大众观点，B选项与第三段中But since these cannot ... 的意思矛盾所以不选

　　Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire (能发出的全部声音). This self-imitation leads on to deliberate (有意识的) imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.

　　注：标题题型，包含主题词baby、speak的为正确选项，B选项直接从文章第三段中摘抄，为干扰选项，C选项为大众观点，D选项过于细节

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　　Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:

　　21. People who are cognitively healthy are those _________.
　　A) whose minds are alert and receptive
　　B) who are highly intelligent.
　　C) who can remember large amounts of information
　　D) who are good at recognizing different sounds

　　22. According to Fozard's argument, people can make their brains work more efficiently by _________.
　　A) constantly doing memory work
　　B) making frequent adjustments
　　C) going through specific training
　　D) taking part in various mental activities

　　23. The findings of James and other scientists in their work _________.
　　A) remain a theory to be further proved
　　B) have been challenged by many other experts
　　C) are practised by the researchers themselves
　　D) have been generally accepted

　　24. Older people are generally advised to _________.
　　A) keep mentally active by challenging their brains
　　B) keep fit by going in for physical activities
　　C) maintain mental alertness through specific training
　　D) maintain a balance between individual and group activities

　　25. What is the passage mainly about?
　　A) How biochemical changes occur in the human brain.
　　B) Why people should receive special mental training as they age.
　　C) How intellectual activities influence brain-cell health.
　　D) Why people should keep active not only physically but also mentally.

　　Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age.

　　注：1."it"指代"brain"
　　2.mentally engaged 动脑筋，思考问题
　　3.第一句是主题句

　　People will be alert (警觉的) and receptive (愿意接受的) if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.

　　注：1.第一段 attention and memory 对应 alert and receptive
　　2.active mind 思维活跃
　　3.sound adj.健康的

　　Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. "The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts of information," says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. "Most of us don't need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental alertness." Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work.

　　注：1.convince 相信，确信
　　2.双引号之内句子不重要
　　3.be less interest than 某事好处不如某事好处多

　　Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better adjusted. "The point is, you need to do both," Cohen says. "Intellectual activity actually influences brain-cell health and size."

　　注：1.本段第二句中but之前是大众观点，后面是作者观点
　　2.age v. 变老

　　注：generally advised 与末段中的frequently advised 对应，考的是大众观点
　　21. People who are cognitively healthy are those _________.
　　A) whose minds are alert and receptive
　　B) who are highly intelligent.
　　C) who can remember large amounts of information
　　D) who are good at recognizing different sounds

　　注：题干的关键词出现了，但该句没有正确对应的选项，所以从上或下一句来找

　　注：考第三段末句

　　注：第三段首句中的"theory"等同于"findings"

　　注：not only... but also... 为优选项，且重点在 but also 部分。D 项为首句主题句的同义改写

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　　●短文回答内容应该简洁

　　例：Why are the students enthusiastic (热情的） for the positions in students' organization?
　　1. Because they are respected.（可以）
　　2. They are respected.（可以）
　　3. The students are enthusiastic for the positjions in students' organization because they are respected.（太复杂，不可以）
　　如何做答：优选顺序：单词--词组--句子；以下情况用句子：Why?和 What opinion/result/suggestion/belief

　　●短文回答语言方面要求

　　一、答案语法结构应与问题要求一致

　　二、照搬：a. 以单词或短语回答--彻底照搬
　　 b. 小于等于4个字的句子--彻底照搬
　　 c. 超过4个字的语句可用代词替换名词，用动词替换动词词组。
　　例如：There is a basic human earth to make sense of the world.可以将make sense of 改写为 understand。

　　三、注意语言错误（主谓不一致、时态不对应）
　　答案时态与题目时态保持一致

　　Unit 1

　　Part IV Short Answer Questions

　　In Britain, the old Road Traffic Act restricted speeds to 2 m. p. h. (miles per hour) in towns and 4 m. p. h. in the country. Later Parliament increased the speed limit to 14 m. p.h. But by 1903 the development of the car industry had made it necessary to raise the limit to 20 m. p. h. By 1930, however, the law was so widely ignored that speeding restrictions were done away with altogether. For five years motorists were free to drive at whatever speeds they liked. Then in 1935 the Road Traffic Act imposed a 30 m. p. h. speed limit in built-up areas, along with the introduction of driving tests and pedestrian crossing.
　　注：1.ignore 忽略
　　2.be done away with 取消、废除
　　3.impose 实施
　　4."A and B"结构就用"A and B"结构回答
　　71.During which period could motorist drive without limits?
　　注：用单词短语，把时间起点终点找出来，然后用介词联起来
　　From 1930 to 1935
　　72. What measures were adopted in 1935 in addition to the speeding restrictions?
　　注：1.measure n.措施；v.衡量
　　2.题中measures 表明考得是列举语言现象
　　Driving tests and pedestrian crossing
　　Speeding is now the most common motoring offence in Britain. Offences for speeding fall into three classes: exceeding the limit on a restricted road, exceeding on any road the limit for the vehicle you are driving, and exceeding the 70 m. p. h. limit on any road. A restricted road is one where the street lamps are 200 yards apart, or more.
　　注：exceed 超过
　　73. Speeding is a motoring offence a driver commits when he _________
　　注：1.offend v. 犯罪；冒犯
　　2.题中只需要补充一个谓语动词
　　Key：Exceeds the speed limits
　　The main controversy (争论) surrounding speeding laws is the extent of their safety value. The Ministry of Transport maintains that speed limits reduce accidents. It claims that when the 30 m. p. h. limit was introduced in 1935 there was a fall of 15 percent in fatal accidents. Likewise, when the 40 m. p. h. speed limit was imposed on a number of roads in London in the late fifties, there was a 28 percent reduction in serious accidents. There were also fewer casualties (伤亡) in the year after the 70 m. p. h. motorway limit was imposed in 1966.
　　注：maintain 认为
　　74. What is the opinion of British authorities concerning speeding laws?
　　注：What+opinion 题型，需要用句子来回答，根据 British authorities 定位第三段
　　Key：Speed limits reduce accidents
　　In America, however, it is thought that the reduced accident figures are due rather to the increase in traffic density. This is why it has even been suggested that the present speed limits should be done away with completely, or that a guide should be given to inexperienced drivers and the speed limits m ade advisory, as is done in parts of the USA.
　　75. What reason do Americans give for the reduction in traffic accidents?
　　注：根据 Americans 定位第四段
　　Key：The increase in traffic density

　　Unit 3

　　Part IV Short Answer Questions

　　For many women choosing whether to work or not to work outside their home is a luxury: they must work to survive. Others face a hard decision.
　　Perhaps the easiest choice has to do with economics. One husband said, "Marge and I decided after careful consideration that for her to go back to work at this moment was an extravagance (奢侈) we couldn't afford." With two preschool children, it soon became clear in their figuring that with babysitters (临时照看小孩的人), transportation, and increased taxes, rather than having more money, they might actually end up with less.
　　Economic factors are usually the first to be considered, but they are not the most important. The most important aspects of the decision have to do with the emotional needs of each member of the family. It is in this area that husbands and wives find themselves having to face many confusing and conflicting feelings.
　　There are many women who find that homemaking is boring or who feel imprisoned (被囚禁) if they have to stay home with a young child or several children. On the other hand, there are women who think that homemaking gives them the deepest satisfaction.
　　From my own experience. I would like to suggest that sometime the decision to go back to work is made in too much haste. There are few decisions that I now regret more. I wasn't mature enough to see how much I could have gained at home. I regret my impatience to get on with my career. I wish I had allowed myself the luxury of watching the world through my little girl's eyes.
　　Questions: （注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。）
　　73. What are the two major considerations in deciding whether women should go out to work?
　　注："A and B"结构
　　Economic factors and emotional needs

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　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:

　　36. Plants will emit an increased amount of heat when they are _________.
　　A) sprayed with pesticides
　　B) in poor physical condition
　　C) facing an infrared scanner
　　D) exposed to excessive sun rays

　　注：when /as/ if 为条件句引导词，定位条件句

　　37. In order to apply pesticide spraying precisely, we can use infrared scanning to _________.
　　A) locate the problem area
　　B) draw a color-coded map
　　C) measure the size of the affected area
　　D) estimate the damage to the crops

　　38. Farmers can save a considerable amount of pesticide by _________.
　　A) transforming poisoned rain
　　B) consulting infrared scanning experts
　　C) resorting to spot-spraying
　　D) detecting crop problems at an early date

　　39. The application of infrared scanning technology to agriculture met with some difficulties due to ______.
　　A) the lack of official support
　　B) its high cost
　　C) its failure to help increase production
　　D) the lack of financial support

　　注：考因果关系

　　40. Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of ________.
　　A) growing concern about the excessive use of pesticides on crops
　　B) the desire of farmers to improve the quality of their produce
　　C) the forceful promotion by the Department of Agriculture
　　D) full support from agriculture experts
　　注：back into operation 重操旧业

　　Even plants can run a fever, especially when they're under attack by insects or disease. But unlike humans, plants can have their temperature taken from 3, 000 feet away - straight up. A decade ago, adapting the infrared (红外线) scanning technology developed for military purposes and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine which ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide (杀虫剂) spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don't have pest (害虫) problems.

　　注：1.文章首句提出问题：植物受到病虫害侵扰会发烧
　　2.straight up 高空
　　3.adapt 使用，适用
　　4.come up with 提出（方案、计划）
　　5.precisely 准确的、精确的
　　6.spray 喷射

　　Even better, Paley's Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problems before they became visible to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet at night, an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were transformed into a color-coded map showing where plants were running "fevers". Farmers could then spot-spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they otherwise would.

　　注：1.Mounted on 安装在……之上
　　2.transform 转变 = trans 变化 + form 形式
　　3.spot-spray 点喷

　　The bad news is that Paley's company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers resisted the new technology and long-term backers were hard to find. But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation. Agriculture experts have no doubt the technology works.

　　注：1.第一句为现象，后面跟着原因和解释
　　2.with 因为，因果关系
　　3.renew 恢复
　　4.工业产品：product；农业产品：produce
　　5.refinement 提炼、精炼

　　"This technique can be used on 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States," says George Qerther of Texas A& M. Ray Jackson, who recently retired form the Department of Agriculture, thinks remote infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But only if Paley finds the financial backing which he failed to obtain 10 years ago.　

　　注：第一段首句的同义改写when句：受到病虫害侵扰的时候

　　注：B选项在第二段出现，C选项测量区域不对

　　注：考得是二段末句

　　注：考得是三段的第二句，因果关系due to ，B项为错误推理

　　40. Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of－－－.
　　A) growing concern about the excessive use of pesticides on crops
　　B) the desire of farmers to improve the quality of their produce
　　C) the forceful promotion by the Department of Agriculture
　　D) full support from agriculture experts

　　注：因果关系词 because of

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　　一、翻译标准：忠实、通顺

　　1.忠实指意义忠实于原文
　　2.通顺指符合中文表达习惯。
　　3.“信、达、雅”

　　二、评分情况(每题2分）

　　1.全句结构（句子当中各个成分位置顺序安排是否恰当合理）0.5分
　　2.除全句结构0.5分之外，剩下1.5分分布于句子当中三个重要给分点（通常为重要词组或者重要结构）
　　重要结构：定语从句、比较结构、虚拟语气、倒装结构、双重否定
　　例：Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and memory.
　　研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更加有效的活动。（全句结构0.5）

　　三、翻译过程

　　1.找到需翻译语句对应文中的位置
　　2.理解阶段
　　 1）根据上下文关系
　　 2）分析句子结构
　　 3）表达阶段（注意中英文表达习惯的差异）

　　1）词序：即词与词或词与句子之间的位置顺序关系，中文习惯为修饰语前置。
　　例：The girl in red is my sister.
　　穿红衣服的女孩是我姐姐。
　　I like the watch which you bought me.
　　我喜欢你给我买的那块表。
　　We can keep fit by going in for exercise.
　　我们可以通过参加体育锻炼来保持健康。

　　2）句序：a.中文习惯为状语从句前置，英语中状语从句（如原因、条件从句）有时置于主句之后，而汉语一般将状语从句置于主语之前。
　　例：I would be most happy to go with you if I am not in the way.
　　如果不碍事的话我很高兴和你们一起去。
　　b.中文按照时间逻辑顺序安排句序，英文按照事情的重要性来安排句序。
　　例：It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had planned to pay to China in January.
　　我原计划1月份访问中国，后来必须推迟，对此我深表遗憾。

　　翻译技巧

　　1.增词法：目的在于使译文通顺而不是增加含义

　　1）增加动词
　　例：After the banquet and the concert, he would work on his report.
　　(参加)宴会和(出席)音乐会之后他会继续写报告。
　　2）增加名词
　　例：He cann't endure the tension of modern life.
　　他不能忍受现代生活的紧张(节奏)。
　　例：You are frank and honest with all your faults.
　　你对错误的（态度）坦诚。

　　2.转译法：

　　1）含有动词意味的名词转译为动词
　　例：It is evidence enough of the desire of all of us to solve the problem according to people's will as soon as possible(ASAP).
　　这充分证明了我们都希望按照人们的意愿尽快解决问题。
　　2）动词转译为名词
　　例：Formality has always characterized their relationship.
　　他们之间关系的特点是以礼相待。
　　例：Most satellites are designed to burned up themselves after completing mission.
　　按照设计大部分卫星在完成任务后自行燃烧。
　　3）形容词副词之间相互转译
　　例：We took several brief and restless naps.
　　我们简短不安地睡了几次。

　　四、一些具体结构的翻译：

　　1.限定性定语从句: 按照修饰语前置翻译方法。通常译为“……的”。（置于被修饰的名词之前）

　　例：For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
　　从人口的总体考虑，我们必须更多地关注摄入少量的、在不知不觉中污染我们世界的杀虫剂所造成的延迟效应。

　　2.非限定性定语从句（即which之前有逗号）译为单句

　　例：He said that this was a good idea, which he would consider.
　　他说这是一个好主意，他会加以考虑。

　　3.同位语从句

　　1）分译法：将先行词与同位语从句分开翻译，中间用“即”、“就是说”、冒号、破折号分开。
　　例：He said that this was a good idea that he would consider.（定语从句）
　　We have to face the fact that we are still poor.（同位语从句）
　　我们必须面对一个事实，即我们还很贫穷。

　　2）转换法：如果同位语修饰的名词含有动作意义，则可将该名词译为动词。这类词有：suggestion / opinion / belief / hope
　　例：He has a feeling that his son was not wrong.
　　他感觉到他的儿子没有错。

　　4.比较结构：最根本的译法译为“比…更…”
　　例：Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as arention and memory.
　　研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更有效地活动。
　　And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
　　习惯于多动脑筋而不是少动脑筋的人，在进入老年以后，要比一个从来不积极动脑子的人的认知能力更为健全。
　　The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both monery and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.
　　后者忽视了向分散居住的社区提供充分的服务需要较高的花费，以及近郊居民上下班既费钱又费时间。

　　1）将more…than…译为“比…更…”；将more译为“更…”
　　例：He was more active than I.
　　他比我更积极。
　　2）用比较级表达最高级含义时，可译为“最”、“莫过于”。
　　例：There is no better example than this.
　　这是最好的例子。
　　5.被动结构
　　1）译为被动。如“被”、“受到”、“遭到”、“由”、“为…所”。
　　例：The committee established by UN is considering the problem.
　　由联合国建立的委员会正在考虑这个问题。
　　2）译为表语。即“是……的”
　　例：The decision was not made easily.
　　这个决定不是轻易做出的。
　　3）译为主动句。
　　例：He was given a high mark by his teacher.
　　他的老师给了他一个高分。

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